{"id":17143,"date":"2024-01-09T11:02:10","date_gmt":"2024-01-09T16:02:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/firstsiteguide.com\/?p=17143"},"modified":"2024-01-13T16:11:18","modified_gmt":"2024-01-13T21:11:18","slug":"who-invented-internet-part-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/firstsiteguide.com\/who-invented-internet-part-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Who Invented The Internet? Internet History: 1941\u20131970 Timeline (Part 3)","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"
\n \n\n

Update: This article is part of a series. Check out the full series: Part 1<\/a><\/em>, Part 2<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Early Beginnings of the Internet <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1945<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 1945 Vannevar Bush wrote an essay called \u201cAs We May Think.\u201d This essay predicted a lot of things that will happen in the future with computer information technology. It was deemed visionary and ahead of its time. He introduced the \u201cmemex\u201d concept that would be used for storing various data and communication \u2013 the computer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: Wikipedia<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
Vannevar Bush<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1890 in Everett, Massachusetts. This American engineer was the head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. He is one of the key players that contributed to the start of the National Science Foundation. Bush died in 1974. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 

Technologies<\/strong>
Memex<\/strong> \u2013 Memex is a concept of the first hypertext system. Its description led to the development of the first hypertext systems. It grew into knowledge base systems and led to the start of the World Wide Web. <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1957<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The first space satellite was launched by the USSR in 1957, \u201cSputnik 1\u201d. It orbited around the earth while transmitting radio communication for 22 days. The Sputnik launch in 1957 and the Atlantic cable in 1858 were two of the most important events that impacted long-distance communication. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: Wikipedia<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
Sergei Korolev<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1906 in Zhytomyr, Russia. Called the father of astronautics, he was one of the best rocket engineers during the Space Race and the cold war. He was the main engineer behind the \u201cLaika\u201d launch, the \u201cR-7 Rocket\u201d development, and the launch of \u201cSputnik 1\u201d. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 

Technologies<\/strong>
Sputnik 1<\/strong> \u2013 Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite launched into space. It was launched by the USSR. It orbited around the earth for two weeks, and its launch marked the start of space technology development. <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1958<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The year that Sputnik was launched, the US government formed the ARPA \u2013 Advanced wResearch Projects Agency as a response to Soviet success. At the same time, this was the year when AT&T Corporation released the first commercial computer modem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: Wikipedia<\/a> , Wikipedia<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/strong> \u2013 born in 2890 in Denison, Texas. Eisenhower was a soldier, a politician, and the president of the United States. He was directly responsible for the formation of ARPA and said that America couldn\u2019t let the Russians beat them in space technology. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 

Technologies & companies <\/strong>
The ARPA organization<\/strong> \u2013 founded in 1958 by Eisenhower to respond to the Russian success with Sputnik 1. ARPA\u2019s goal was to provide research and development of various technologies for the military and general public. It was later renamed to DARPA. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Bell 101 modem<\/strong> \u2013 the very first commercial modem. It was able to transmit digital data through telephone lines. Its maximum speed was 110 bits\/s.
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1961<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The packet-switching concept was pioneered by Leonard Kleinrock in 1961. In his doctoral thesis at MIT, he described packet-switching and how it works. His \u201cInformation Flow in Large Communication Nets\u201d was very influential for the development of communication technologies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: Time Graphics<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
Leonard Kleinrock<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1934 in New York City. This computer scientist has made a lot of important contributions to computer science, but the most important discoveries he made are the data transmission theories for computer networking. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 

Technologies<\/strong>
Packet-switching concept<\/strong> \u2013 packet\u2014switching is a known concept In telecommunications. It involves piling up data into group units before transmitting it over the network. Today this is the primary technology used for data communication and computer networks. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1962<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

When writing a series of memos in 1962, Joseph Carl Robnett Lickner described global networking as a concept. Licklider talked about the \u201cIntergalactic Computer Network\u201d and demonstrated his progressive ideas on networks and computer technology. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: Internet Hall of Fame<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
J.C.R. Licklider<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1915 in Arlington, Massachusetts. This computer scientist and psychologist is a very important figure in computing history. He expanded concepts of interactive computing, developed various graphic interfaces, and formed the ARPANET. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 

Technologies
Intergalactic Network concept<\/strong> \u2013 known as Galactic Network and IGCN. This computer networking concept was described by J.C.R. in 1962. It was a similar network to the modern internet. J.C.R said that this was the main electronic platform where all information and communication can be shared between individuals, governments, companies, and institutions. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1963<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The year 1963 marked the release of the first computer standard \u2013 ASCII. The American Standard Code for Information Exchange was set in place by a joint committee. Its goal was to allow communication between computer devices coming from different manufacturers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even though ASCII was a joint effort, the man with the greatest credit for its development was Bob Bemer. Bemer developed this coding system for the purpose of standardizing all the controls, punctuations, and letters that all computers would share. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: CNN<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
Bob Bemer<\/strong> \u2013 born in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, in 1920. This American computer scientist is also known as the father of ASCII. His major contributions to computer science were made during the 50s and 60s when he worked at IBM. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 

Technologies
ASCII<\/strong> \u2013 this computer standard puts in place numbers, letters, and various computer characters within an 8-bit code throughout 256 slots. The decimals are made from binary, and since it was first created, the standard was revised 10 times. 
Source: Computer Hope<\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1964<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 1964 Paul Baran started developing the first message blocks. His project was completed in 1967. At the same time, Donald Watts Davies created packet-switching. The two technologies were very similar, and they both made a great impact on data communications in general. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: Rand Corporation<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
Paul Baran<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1926 in Grodno, Belarus. This Polish engineer worked and lived in the US throughout most of his life. He is one of the pioneers of computer network development, and his greatest contribution is message blocks technology, similar to packet switching. Baran died in 2011. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Watts Davies<\/strong> \u2013 Donald Watts Davis was born in 1924 in Treorchy, Wales. He worked at the UK National Physical Laboratory as a computer scientist. His biggest invention was packet switching, which is still used for data communications across the globe. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 

Technologies<\/strong>
Packet-switching<\/strong> \u2013 this type of computer communication was a major breakthrough. With this technique, all the individual data streams are broken into smaller packets that are transferred more easily and then extracted into original data.   
Source: Britannica<\/a> 
Message blocks<\/strong> \u2013 this system of sharing information across the computer network was similar to packet switching. But Baran called the divided information \u201cmessage blocks\u201d, and these blocks would also be rejoined when reaching the final destination. 
Source: Rand Corporation<\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1965<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The first wide-area network (WAN) was created in 1965 by Thomas Marill and Lawrence Roberts. They were sponsored by ARPA for this project for establishing this connection between a computer located in California and in Massachusetts. This system confirmed packet switching as the best model for computer communication. The study was called \u201cCooperative Network of Time-Sharing Computers.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: HostingCT<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
Lawrence Roberts<\/strong> \u2013 Lawrence Gilman Roberts was born in 1937 in Westport, Connecticut. This computer engineer was one of the key players in the creation of the ARPANET. He is a major contributor to the development of the internet and received a Draper Prize for his achievements. Lawrence died in 2018.
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Thomas Marill<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1929 in Massachusetts Marill was a computer scientist whose biggest contribution was the idea of the ARPANET. Marill died in 2000. 
Source: MyHeritage<\/a> 

Technologies<\/strong>
Wide-area network (WAN)<\/strong> \u2013 a type of telecommunications network used for a large area of communication in computer technology. It allows data transfer regardless of the location, and the whole internet is built on WAN. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1966<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The ARPANET project started in 1966 by Robert Taylor. His primary goal was to discover a method that would let IPTO contractors communicate and share valuable data resources. His inspiration was the network idea from Licklider, and he picked Larry Roberts as the leader of the project. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ARPANET is considered the first network that was similar to the internet as we know it today. Lawrence Roberts used the concepts from the \u201cCooperative Network of Time-Sharing Computers\u201d study to develop the plan for ARPANET. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: Britannica<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
Robert Taylor<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1932 in Dallas, Texas. He was one of the pioneers of the internet and was the director of the Information Processing Techniques Office at ARPA during the 60s. He was an important leader in various computer departments and projects. Taylor died in 2017. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Lawrence Roberts<\/strong> \u2013 Lawrence Gilman Roberts was born in 1937 in Westport, Connecticut. This computer engineer was one of the key players in the creation of the ARPANET. He is a major contributor to the development of the internet and received a Draper Prize for his achievements. Lawrence died in 2018.
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 

Technologies & companies <\/strong>
ARPAnet project <\/strong>\u2013 the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network project started in 1966, and its goal was to network remote computers. Robert Taylor was the head of the project, and this network was the first to use TCP\/IP and packet-switching technologies successfully. These technologies are the foundation of the modern internet. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1967<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 1967 a year after the start of the ARPANET project, Lawrence Roberts published the project\u2019s initial design and described it in his paper \u2013 \u201cMultiple Computer Networks and Inter-Computer Communication.\u201d Interface Message Processors are used for all the main devices for managing the network. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

IMPs were suggested by Wesley Clark and these devices were the predecessors of modern internet routers. The packet switching technology for transferring data is borrowed from Donald Watts Davis and his paper. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, Danny Cohen innovates the real-time visual flight simulator as well as the real-time radar simulator. Together with Ivan Sutherland, Cohen creates line clipping algorithms for computer graphics called the \u201cCohen-Sutherland.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: HostingCT<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
Wesley Clark<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1927 in New Haven, Connecticut. He was a computer scientist and a physicist. He was a great innovator in computer technology hardware. Clark designed the TX-0, TX-2, and the LINC computers. His IMPs were used for networking the ARPANET project. 
Source: Britannica<\/a> 
Danny Cohen<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1937 in Haifa, Israel. He\u2019s one of the biggest internet pioneers of the 60s. Cohen used the ARPANET to run the first-ever real-time visual flight simulator. He was also the person who designed the simulator. The American-Israeli scientist died in 2019. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Ivan Sutherland<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1938 in Hastings, Nebraska. Sutherland made important contributions as a computer scientist to the development of the internet. More importantly, he is one of the pioneers of modern computer graphics. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 

Technologies<\/strong>
Interface Message Processors (IMPs) <\/strong>\u2013 the IMP was the packet switch infrastructure for ARPANET. They were connected with telephone links and with a modem. Host computers were connected to IMPs via host & IMP protocol. 
Source: Computer History Wiki<\/a> 
Visual flight simulator<\/strong> \u2013 The first real-time flight simulator. It used an algorithm that allocated 9 regions for 2D space and 27 regions for 3D space. It also selectively chooses the lines that are going to be displayed. Apart from being the first flight simulator, it also introduced many computer graphics innovations along with on-screen instruments that were controlled in real-time.  
Source: Wired<\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1968<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 1968 the concepts of collaborative computing and hypertext were introduced for the first time by Douglas Engelbart. In his presentation called \u201cMother of All Demos\u201d at the Fall Joint Computer Conference, Englebart did a presentation in which he had a live conference with his coworkers who were located 30 miles away. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This iconic moment is still called \u201cMother of All Demos.\u201d At the moment, it was something nobody had ever seen before. This proved yet again how innovative Englebart was, even though most people didn\u2019t understand his work. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: Wired<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That same year the BBN \u2013 Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc. locked in the contract for building the IMSs for the ARPA project. The fact that Edward Kennedy (US Senator) sent a telegram of congratulations to ARPA only shows how important the whole project was. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: Wikipedia<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, the Host Level Protocols for ARPANET were developed by UCLA. The UCLA Network Working Group was headed by Steve Crocker and overlooked by Professor Leonard Kleinrock throughout the entire project. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This group created the foundational protocols that are used in the modern internet. Some of the most important members of the project were Jon Postel and Vint Cerf. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: Columbia University<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People<\/strong>
Douglas Engelbart<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1925 in Portland, Oregon. This internet pioneer, inventor, and engineer is best known for his invention of the human-computer interaction field. He also contributed to the development of graphical interfaces, hypertext, the creation of the mouse, and networked computers. Engelbart died in 2013. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Leo Beranek<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1914, in Solon, Iowa. Beranek was the founder of BBN Technologies (formerly Bolt, Beranek, and Newman), a professor at MIT, and an acoustics expert. Beranek died in 2016. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Richard Bolt<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1911 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was one of the co-founders of BBN Technologies and an MIT professor. Bolt also did a lot of work in acoustics. He died in 2002. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Robert Newman<\/strong> \u2013 Robert Bradford Neman was born in 1917 in Ungkung, China. He was a founding partner of BBN Technologies and a faculty member of MIT. Newman was an amazing teacher and an acoustics engineer. He died in 1983. 
Source: Newman Student Award Fund<\/a> 
Leonard Kleinrock<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1934 in New York City. This computer scientist has made a lot of important contributions to computer science, but the most important discoveries he made are the data transmission theories for computer networking. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Steve Crocker <\/strong>\u2013 born in 1944 in Pasadena, California. Since his young age, Crocker became an active member of the internet community. He worked on developing the ARPANET internet protocols, a teacher at UCLA, and was the ICANN chairman. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Vint Cerf <\/strong>\u2013 born in 1943 in New Haven, Connecticut. One of the fathers of the internet along with Bob Kahn for their invention of the TCP\/IP. Together they are also the founders of the nonprofit organization \u201cInternet Society.\u201d 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Jon Postel<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1943 in Altadena, California. Postel had a very successful career in computer science. His work with internet standards is praised to this day. He\u2019s known for Postel\u2019s Law, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, and Request for Comment. Postel died in 1998. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 

Technologies<\/strong>
“Mother of All Demos”<\/strong> \u2013 One of the most iconic moments of computer demonstration. This live demonstration made by Douglas Engelbart and his associates introduced the oN-Line System (NLS), which featured software and hardware. They used the system to present all of the essentials of modern computing. 
Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
Host Level Protocols<\/strong> \u2013 The first Host-Host protocol used within the ARPANET. It was designed for packet-switching and transferring connections. 
Source: IETF Tools<\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1969<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 1969 the Interface Message Processor was finished. ARPANET was the first-ever physical node \u2013 a network of 4 different computers. The four hosts were located in: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. The University of Utah <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. University of California at Santa Barbara <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Stanford <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. The University of California in Los Angeles <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    The first data packets were sent by a team from UCLA on October 29th<\/sup>. Charley Kline was in charge of the project while Leonard Kleinrock was supervising the whole thing. However, the first attempt was unsuccessful. On the second try, the transfer was successful. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    That same year, the contract for designing the ARPANET network structure was given to Howard Frank. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Source: Wikipedia<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    People<\/strong>
    Charley Kline<\/strong> \u2013 Charley S. Kline was a computer scientist. Birthdate: unknown. He was the man behind the first login on ARPANET IMP. The first remote host initials on ARPANET were CSK, which were his initials. 
    Source: Wikimedia Commons<\/a> 
    Howard Frank<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1941. Frank was an electrical engineer best known as the co-author of the ARPANET network structure design. He was also in charge of the topological analysis of the ARPANET. Frank died in 2017. 
    Source:     Informs<\/a> 

    Technologies<\/strong>
    First network 4 computers<\/strong> \u2013 First network 4 computers or initial four hosts were SDS Sigma 7 at UCL, SDS 940 at Stanford Research Institute, IBM 360\/74 at University of California, Santa Barbara, and DEC PDP-10 at the University of Utah School of Computing. These were the first hosts that hosted an internet connection on ARPANET. 
    Source:     Wikipedia<\/a> 
    Network structure ARPAnet<\/strong> \u2013 the main concept behind the ARPA network was for a single user to access another computer on the network and get valuable resources. This was achieved through hosts that connected to IMPs, and packets were relayed through nodes. All the connections traveled through telephone lines using modems. 
    Source:     Arpanet<\/a>  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    1970<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    ARPANET expanded using transatlantic IP connectivity to connect to a European node. The node was located at the University College London and operated by Professor Peter Kirstein. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Source: Internet Hall of Fame<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    That same year, Norman Abramson developed the ALOHANET at the University of Hawaii. It was the first packet radio network in the world. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Source: Wikipedia<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    People<\/strong>
    Peter Kirstein<\/strong> \u2013 born in 1933 in Berlin, Germany. This British\/German computer scientist was monitoring the work on ARPANET and was the first one to reach out and expand the ARPANET in Europe. He also helped implement and define TCP\/IP together with Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf. Many consider him the father of the internet in Europe. Kirstein died in 2020. 
    Source: Wikipedia<\/a> 
    Norman Abramson<\/strong> \u2013 this American computer scientist and engineer was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1932. He created ALOHANET that allowed wireless long-distance computer communication. 
    Source:     Wikipedia<\/a> 

    Technologies & companies <\/strong>
    First European ARPAnet node<\/strong> \u2013 the first European computer to be connected to ARPANET was operated by Professor Peter Kirsten. This is just a result of his long-lasting academic and industrial collaborations with computer scientists in the US. 
    Source:     Internet Hall of Fame <\/a> 
    ALOHAnet<\/strong> \u2013 Aloha System or Aloha was one of the first computer networking systems. It was deployed in 1970 and first demonstrated a wireless packet data transfer in 1971. It used the Marisat satellite network for communication. 
    Source:     Wikipedia<\/a>  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n

    \n To Be Continued<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n

    Recommended reading:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n